(2013, July 20). Write the body paragraphs. The law of criminal conspiracy. The lack of adequate, accurate and reliable, Employment Law Is as Important as Knowledge of Criminal Law to the Security Manager Strategies for reducing gun violence: The role of gangs, drugs, and firearm accessibility. According to Beggs et.al, (2001) there is a wide disparity between the blacks and the whites holding white collar, SouthAfrica.info, (2011). Race, Class & Crime The NIBS is not designed to provide national coverage (Hirschel, 2009; USDOJ, 2005). 26, No. Kind of TV crime programs usually watch Rowlett, C. (2005). The Big Circle Gang has rapidly become one of the most notorious and successful Chinese gangs in the world. An example, Attorney general targeting international organized crime. FBI. When considering the factors in the Problem Analysis Chart offered by Clarke and Eck (p. 29), the environment provides a significant incentive for criminal activity. One suggestion is to contract a company which has experience in setting up the lab and turn over the installation to them. Typical analysis workflows include the following: POP is challenging in that agencies need to diagnose and solve what could be any of a wide range of crime-causing problems. This case in particular centered, Honeypot and Honeynet Emerging Technologies Elastic Computing is the utilization of the Cloud's nearly limitless scalability to provision resources on demand and at scale without conventional architectural concerns associated with doing so on-premise such as: Within each category, many more specific crimes exist. These techniques of crime analysis are utilized when examining different crime incidents and resolve them. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. Intelligence-led policing gathers domestic incidents, arrests, criminal records, traffic stops, and gang activity, and allows law enforcement to run analytics against those data. Crime Analysis is the systematic study of crime and disorder problems, as well as other police related issues including sociodemographic, spatial, and temporal factors, to assist in criminal apprehension, crime and disorder reduction, crime prevention, and department resource allocation. For example, the process of training detectives in investigative techniques and practices bears a strong resemblance to case-based reasoning.1 In addition, the characterization, modeling, and prediction associated with the behavioral analysis of violent crime are very similar to the categorization, linking, and anticipatory intelligence Article 220 | NY Penal Law | Controlled Substances Offenses. In practice, the NIBS, Crime vs. Available from, "The Manson Snyder Interviews." Criminology. It can take any form, and range in violence, which is what, perhaps, adds to the danger aspect. Top 10 Factors Contributing to Violent Crime. CrimeStat was developed by Ned Levine & Associates of Houston, Texas, under the . And Bushway, S.D. Its grounding in the promotion of Jewish rights likens it more to the terrorist groups of today than with the Sicilian mob of the 40s. Article 140 | NYS Penal Law |Burglary Criminal Trespass Laws. One widely-used model to estimate crime severity is the Bradley-Terry continuum which posits that stealing something less than $5 is less severe than stealing "something worth $5 -- $50, which itself is less severe than trying to steal something worth more than $50. 24, No 1, 69-85. Legal Policy Analysis and Evaluation. The defendant was tried on March 15, 1904 and indicted on November 13, 1904. Why Do We Punish? Graduates often find employment in government agencies at the local, state or federal level. Retrieved April 10, 2014, from http://www.fbi.gov. 18: 4 -- 20. Over the last two decades, the forensic science has assisted in producing valuable evidence that has contributed to a successful conviction and prosecution of criminals and exoneration of innocent citizens. There will be no restrictions on. Ottawa, Ont: National Crime Prevention Centre. He first set off a, The term signature aspect is used to refer to unique behavior that is exhibited by the criminal that is peculiar to that particular criminal though may not be necessary, Crime Detection and Prevention Police law enforcers employ different analytical techniques in this process. The Criminal Intelligence Bureau has a strategic plan founded on four pillars. It seems that most cities with scores of 6 and lower (out of 10 on the crime rate scale) were located mostly in the south and the west, with the exception of Fort ayne. (2010). Different types of trauma can be linked to the 4 types of serial killers visionary, mission-oriented, hedonistic and power. Hall, N. (2005). Since the year 1973, violent, technology utilized for crime analysis. Retrieved 5 April 2017, from http://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article135.htm, New York. "Labeling theory of crime." (2017). 433 0 obj <> endobj A certification in crime analysis can also complement a criminal justice graduate student's curriculum with an emphasis on identifying and analyzing patterns and trends in crime and disorder. 0000003325 00000 n Not necessarily. Types of, An example of a spree killing could be July 22nd, 2011's incident in Norway when Anders Behring Breivik carried out a series of attacks. Free shipping for many products! References Additional Details Publication Format Article Publication Type Report (Study/Research) Language English Country United States of America This is particularly the case in situations that make an easy target for criminals. While it is hard to be exhaustive and to make conclusions with certitude, it is clear that the towns are moving in different directions but there are opportunity costs for the good things and downsides to any solution, FBI. Print. Viewing behavior of TV crime programs Of those that do employ crime analysis, many may not fully understand or accept this approach, or use it to its potential. Crime is an unfortunate by-product of a society; it will always exist to one degree or another. The Baseline Killer. Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/crime. http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/200/ratchoc.html, Overview of Labelling Theories. This formula is important, because it is providing us with a basic strategy that can be used to objectively evaluate the how crime and punishment are impacting society. Clark, D., Berson, T., & Lin, H.S. Democratic Underground. Focus crime analysis on approaches that examine people, places, patterns, and problems. Retrieved from Gallup: http://www.gallup.com/poll/123638/in-u.s.-two-thirds-continue-support-death-penalty.aspx, In a recently-conducted survey, the following 10 metropolitan cities had low to very low crime rates: Scottsdale (AZ), Plano (TX), Virginia Beach (VA), Fremont (CA), Honolulu (HI), San Jose (CA), Anaheim (CA), Fort ayne (in), Santa Ana (CA), and Garland (TX). The same deed can be regarded as wrong in one community and act of valor in another or in the same community at a different point in time. According to Sweeten, the purpose of this is to minimize weaknesses and oversampling of disadvantaged youth. Improved crime analyst productivity helps law enforcement decision makers optimize resource allocation, solve cases, and implement more effective crime-reduction strategies. Finally, tactical crime analyses are for making immediate decisions. Crimes: Attitudes and Perceptions Examining the institutionalization of problem-oriented policing: The Charlotte-Mecklenburg police department as a case study. 2. Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today. "Crime and Punishment." Profile/Socio-demographic Characteristics of the respondent This website is supported by Contract No GS-00F-010CA awarded by the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The subject is a male Caucasian. At paperdue.com, we provide students the tools they need to streamline their studying, researching, and writing tasks. Curry, Theodore R., Lee, Gang, & Rodriquez, S. Fernando (2004). Types of Technology Necessary for Crime Analysis This has led to the high prison population in the country. Privacy Policy | Legal Policies | FOIA | Accessibility |Plain language |No FEAR Act |Freedom of Information Act |USA.gov |Justice.gov, Site logo linked to front page of BJA NTTAC, National Training and Technical Assistance Center, Crime Mapping and Analysis News publication, International Association of Crime Analysts, International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts. Palmiotto, M. (2009). Throw in the fact that people that exist in racial minorities are much more likely to be in poverty, it seems to make sense to some that minorities are also more commonly incarcerated and committing crimes in general. Please don't tell me all lives matter. Since the year 1973, violent crime. To fully understand the scope of actus reus, deliberate attention must be given to what exactly constitutes an act, or a criminal omission of an act. 3R `j[~ : w! McMahon, Patrick. For example, the perpetrators were wearing the same masks in each case, took the same kind of cigarettes as well as cash, and in two of the three cases the same type of, Advance Although different drugs have different probability of addiction but the individual characteristics like cognition, mental. Economic measures of costs may seem more objective, but given that they also involve speculative losses (such as lost productivity), they are not universally agreed upon. Usage. How does crime analysis relate to this practice? https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-008-9065-1. Covering all aspects of serial crime investigation, the book explores: Major problems and issues within serial crime. The data obtained from these sources are used for research and documentation of crime status at the county, state, and national levels. Sin These are not necessary in killing of victims but are a sign of claiming the crime (John E. Douglas, 2011). The recent definition entails non-discretional and strict enforcement of law regardless of the magnitude or circumstances of the crime. Twenty Five Techniques of Situational Prevention. There are several elements that could be useful to this map that are not included. 2.7. Access to mass media (2006). As these place-based theories and policing approaches continued to take shape, researchers began to test them. However, numerous ethical issues can and do arise, including multiple elements of confidentiality, safety, and several different aspects of fairness to officers, members of the public, and arrestees. In essence, the changing international stage and the disappearance of boundaries and barriers between counties and nations provide the opportunity for criminal organizations to grow. In accordance to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (2010), property crime comprises of the wrongdoings of motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft, burglary, as well as, arson. South Africa's population. EBSCO Permalink: http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=14236432&site=eds-live, Wahyuni, D. (2012). Retrieved February 11, 2012 from http://www.minddisorders.com/Flu-Inv/Hare-Psychopathy-Checklist.html, Hwakins, (2012). Violence and Victims, 32(6), 977997. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Big Circle Boys born of Red Guards: Drugs, loansharking among Asian gang's specialties. Waltham: Anderson Publishing (Elsevier Inc.). At the same time, the managers enforce the company's policy and procedures. Strategic crime analysis helps police departments make their own administrative decisions with the resources they have available, using crime data to distribute human and financial resources accordingly. 27 Apr. Just from looking at the way these crime statistics compare to those of other similar-sized cities, it would be reasonable to assume that eaverton is slightly more affluent than average. Deterrence and Just Deserts as Motives for Punishment. Web. Police must know when, where, and how to focus limited resources, as well as how to evaluate the effectiveness of their strategies. The IACA is. (2011). This is the most aggressive policing approach and cannot be equated to. For this reason, it seems reasonable to surmise that an adequate number of law enforcement officers. 4.4 Example of the application of operational analysis_____35. Problem-oriented policing (POP) means diagnosing and solving problems that are increasing crime risks, usually in areas that are seeing comparatively high levels of crime (e.g., "hot spots"). Crime analysis, on the other hand, involves the use of various geographical and socio-demographic information, in combination with spatial techniques, to analyze, prevent, and . Law enforcers use the resultant information in many areas such as to solve crime, apprehend offenders and in planning for police resources. 77?Identifying victims of firearm assault in Indianapolis through police and clinical data. In the early 20th century in New York, election fraud was a serious issue and Teddy Roosevelt as a member of the Board of Commissioners at the end of the 19th century in New York had pledged to crack down on election fraud because of the stronghold on the voting process held by Tammany Hall. Independent variable: Estimates of Violent Crime. 0000000016 00000 n Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, Vol. The second most common hard skill for a crime analyst is aml appearing on 6.5% of resumes. The primary purpose of crime analysis is to determine trends or patterns. O'Connor, T. (2005). The most common hard skill for a crime analyst is criminal justice. The collection of crime data in the United States is carried out through different approaches including Uniform Crime eports and the National Incident-Based eporting System, which also act as the two primary sources of crime data for crime reporting. Crime Very or fairly specific examples of this would include the recent shooting of Mike Brown in Ferguson, MO and the subsequent non-indictment of the officer who shot him despite the fact that Brown was not armed and the ongoing discussion about how paying a "wage" should be a moral imperative of all employers and how people in poverty are much more apt to commit crimes. Ypdcrime.com. This study seeks to strengthen the practice of policing by demonstrating the effectiveness of the problem-oriented policing. 0000020780 00000 n 27 Apr. Forensic Facial Comparison: Issues of Admissibility in the Development of Novel Analytical Technique. For general inquiries, please contact us at info@policinginstitute.org, For general inquiries, please contact us at info@policefoundation.org, Copyright National Policing Institute When reviewing these incident summaries, the type of analysis being conducted is tactical crime analysis whose main focus is to promote the short-term development of patrol, investigative priorities,, Strategic, Tactical, and Administrative Crime Analysis Aggregate Organization. The Journal of Political Economy 76.2 (1968), 169 -- 217. Introduction: Black Lives Matter. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-06-green-usat_x.htm, "Northern Illinois University Shooting: Dekalb Illinois." Ashley states that Ivankov "led an international criminal organization that operated in numerous cities in Europe, Canada, and the United States, chiefly New York, London, Toronto, Vienna, udapest,. The Story of the Jews. 00Tactical crime analysis is the study of recent criminal incidents and potential criminal Sanders, Trevor, & oberts, Julian V. (2000). As crime levels continue to rise although the media tends to report the opposite, citizens seem more dedicated to getting even first time offenders off of the streets. In practice, the NIBS does provide a reliable method for estimating the incidence of those types of crimes that are defined similarly in the NIBS and in other data collection methods and in reporting jurisdictions covered by the NIBS. Thus, a mistrust in computer network technologies and telecommunications can affect socio-economic of global enterprises, an increase in the complexity of network infrastructures and communication lead to an increased demand for a new approach to cybersecurity. 3, 319-343. Justice Research and Statistics Association. Safir, H. (2003). As stated by Jennings (2012) in his book "Business Ethnics Class" unethical practices can only last for a short time, and nothing helpful can be found out of it. Researching hate crimes. 0000001587 00000 n Actus Reus may be the most essential element involved in deciding what exactly makes up a crime. Criminology- Theory Research and Policy. 81, No. Criminal Law (10th ed.). Illicit trafficking - drug trafficking, human trafficking and migrant smuggling; Financial crime - money laundering, financial fraud, and corruption as a critical crime-enabler; Cybercrime - ransomware, hacking phishing, online scams and online child sexual exploitation and abuse; Print. Sweeten also makes sure to measure various sample populations in order to minimize weaknesses. His father was strict and did not . As Shaw and others points out, a situation where there are functional links between government and organized crime has parallels in many other regions and countries, particularly in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. 4. maintain complete and current study site files? Retrieved 15 Oct 2007. http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/301/301lect12.htm Gooding-Williams, R. (2009). This law has long been abolished but the majority of the South Africans still view each other along these racial lines (U.S. Department of state, 2011). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Labyrinth 13: True tales of the occult, crime, & conspiracy. (National esearch Council, 2009). For example, violent crime includes homicide, aggravated and simple . This is known as Mala prohibita, or something which is known as a legal crime which is punishable by the law (Vila & Morris, 1999). Albini, Joseph L. And R.E. Drehle, David Von. The information such as date, time, location, and type of crime is quantitative in that statistics can be used to . Unfortunately, the gains were soon lost after a distorted strategy led the leadership awry. The hypothesis was that the older demographic would perceive more crime than the younger generation. Crime analysis is a deep examination of the relationships between the different criminogenic factors (e.g., time, place, socio-demographics) surrounding crime or disorder that helps us understand why it occurs. Gillies, P. (2009). Fox News. Forensics or forensic science is a field of investigation drawing different scientific disciplines in law, criminal and civil services. His mother was passive. Aside from its potential to integrate and aggregate a host of resources and technologies, Cloud Computing can most prominently benefit the enterprise, Many people using illicit and illegal drugs often have no impulse control and may turn violent or to another form of crime. U.S. initiatives to strengthen forensic science & international standards in forensic DNA. What is the time period of your trial? These are acts which are the direct violation of the law which varies from state to state and country to country (Finnis, 2007). Either Jewish groups shouldn't be labeled Organized Crime or the definition of that term should be re-examined. The current rates of crime for different crime types will be assessed as well as the change in those rates from year to year. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from http://csitoday.blogspot.com/2011/08/technology-and-crime-analysis.html, (n.d.). Youth in the Media: McKnight Foundation. American Psychological Association, Vol. In order to fit the model we use the lm () function using the formula specification (Y X) ( Y X). The man and women then stole a car and cocaine from a dealer and drove across the country; several days later they were both apprehended and sent to jail for a long time. Idaho State Police. University of Maryland Criminology and Economics. It is the purpose of the American justice system to ensure that crimes are punished. Retrieved February 2, 2013, from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=-Z_xfTn1hT8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Research+Methods+for+Criminal+Justice+and+Criminology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=McwOUfO7PLCV0QXx0oDIBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA, The table below summarizes the relationship between the variables and measures that will be used for the study: hwTTwz0z.0. Introductory Guide to Crime Analysis and Mapping Written by: Rachel Boba, Ph.D. Director, Crime Mapping Laboratory Police Foundation . Number and Rate of Arrests by Region, 2009. As was in this case, I think the. It is estimated that the population of South Africa is 49.9 million people of whom the black Africans make up the 79.4% of the population and are also divided into various ethnic groups. Still, it is not a data warehouse. The study focused on the 18 to 25-year-old age group as compared to a 50 to 75-year-old age group. At least once a day1, the analyst gathers all incident reports since his last review 2. elow is the equation that is used to objectively evaluate what is occurring. 0000001622 00000 n (McMahon) There were even months and sometimes years between the. Many people that have committed this crime are in prison institutions across the state. While there is good and bad news for both of those jurisdictions vis-a-vis their crime rates, the trends for both are noticeably different and the underlying reasons for these variations and trends are not hard to surmise about, although it is hard to be definitive due to the complexity of the cities' respective situations and dynamics. Criminologists studying murders and murderers absolutely use prescriptive interviews. More so, this caused the United States to question itself, whether it actually was the, Craven. (1990). Press. (2011).Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology (6th ed.). FBI-Indiana. Therefore, civilian research observation of police officers in the field can be conducted ethically to, The common characteristics of all property crimes Curry, Theodore ., Lee, Gang, & odriquez, S. Fernando (2004). 1. In crime analysis, an example of a temporal dataset would be a dataset that describes the counts of different types of crimes that have been committed, broken into count per day and recorded on a daily basis for an entire month. CONCLUSION Disruption of High School Graduation by Arrest and Court Involvement." The confluence of race, class and crime is a hot topic nowadays. The constant battle with violent crime is a perplexing problem for those designated to solve these types of problems. The personnel must be trained in the use and proper management of digital forensic laboratories and high technology crime detection and investigation. $O./ 'z8WG x 0YA@$/7z HeOOT _lN:K"N3"$F/JPrb[}Qd[Sl1x{#bG\NoX3I[ql2 $8xtr p/8pCfq.Knjm{r28?. As Canada continues to grow and its focus on crime continues to change, it is important to understand the freedom that the media has when it comes to what to cover and how to do it. Sheriffs Hunt for Green River Killer was a Mission. ArcGIS Enterprise EURASIP Journal on Information Security. Primary units of analysis will be the students and staff members in the Hong Kong University (HKU). Personal concern for crime and public safety Crime analysis and crime investigation are the methods by which criminologists study and prevent crime. Furthermore, his study focuses strongly on data without bias, which is only reinforcing of his strategies, and of completing the lack of data availability in the topic. Personal annual income There is also a psychological reason for labeling theory, suggested by this example of prejudice -- once a first impression is created, it is difficult to forget that first impression, as all subsequent actions are interpreted in relation to that first negative image or label. This is particularly the case in, The view, for example, of criminal behavior from a labeling perspective tends to focus on the social and cultural background from which the criminal emerges; and Rational Choice theory, Forensic Sciences in the USA and the United Kingdom Violent crimes are, Strategic, Tactical and Administrative Crime Analysis The fact that eaverton keeps it crime rates so low with only one hundred and twenty officers (and twenty-nine civilians) is also a testament to the area's probable affluence. Crime analysis units of police agencies should be one of the first places for officers to start.The ability of some police agencies to link line officers with crime analysis information is somewhat depen- dent on the sophistication and location of the crime analysis unit.. Crime analysis units will be one of the first places for individual officers to . Bronsteen, J., Buccafusco, C., & Masur, J.. (2010). Privacy Policy, Technology in Crime Analysis Technology Used in, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6104200&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6104200, http://voices.yahoo.com/ucr-nibrs-vs.-ncvs-analyzing-criminal-data-5755964.html, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-008-9065-1, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2016/crime-in-the-u.s.-2016/tables/table-6/table-6-state-cuts/indiana.xls, https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00150, https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2020-savir.19, Looking Into Technology for Accurate Crime Analysis, http://csitoday.blogspot.com/2011/08/technology-and-crime-analysis.html, http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/6245_Chapter_7_Boba_Final_PDF_4.pdf, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-06-green-usat_x.htm, http://books.google.com/books?id=GJIvRGUmKMkC&pg=PA9&dq=northern+illinois+university+massacre&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZIU-T4faO-uE0QHC17nSBw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA%20//%20v=onepage&q=northern%20illinois%20university%20massacre&f=false, http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/norway/index.html, http://www.iafei.com/deception-detection/, http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/baseline-killer/1.html, http://www.popcenter.org/library/25%20techniques%20grid.pdf, http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/PDFs/60steps.pdf, http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:Rv5FYusFZ4gJ:www.iaca.net/ExploringCA/exploringca_chapter1.pdf+importance+of+analysis+of+crime&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=ukFundamentalsof, http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/200/ratchoc.html, Analysis of Forensic Sciences in the UK and the USA, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-theories/, http://www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Codebooks/GSS10PAN_CB.asp, http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396607/obo-9780195396607-0050.xml, http://www.sagepub.com/haganintrocrim8e/study/chapter/handbooks/42347_1.2.pdf, http://www.enotes.com/forensic-science/criminology, Policing Policies Analysis This Study Seeks to, http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Where%20Do%20We%20Go%20From%20Here.%20Researching%20Hate%20Crime.pdf, Classical Theories of Crime vs Modern Theories, http://books.google.com/books?id=PTH_8p6kriIC&pg=RA1-PA55&lpg=RA1-PA55&dq=harmful+result+causation&source=bl&ots=ZFDKqB0Ooj&sig=Wa3lyg1tncsD86Df08kLpctHhns&hl=en#v=onepage&q=harmful%20result%20causation&f=false, http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/law30/criminal/lesson6/6a.html, Analysis of Murderers Alex and Derek King, Crime in America - The Racial and Class Implications, http://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article135.htm, http://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article140.htm, http://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article220.htm, http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=14236432&site=eds-live, http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=76405928&site=eds-live, http://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cb/web/product_detail.seam?E=3458242&R=HKS329-PDF-ENG&conversationId=192877, Analysis of Honeynet and Honeypot Emerging Technologies, http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/FDA-2008-D-0406-gdl.pdf, Analysis Knowledge of Employment and Criminal Law Is Important for Security Manager, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julia-craven/please-stop-telling-me-th_b_6223072.html, http://we-aggregate.org/piece/black-lives-matter, Compare and Contrast the Two Primary Crime Data Sources Used in the United States, https://www.fortworthpd.com/docmgmt/NIBRS_Volume1_Major_Differences.pdf, https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_30.html, http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/youthandthelaw/roots/volume5/chapter04_social_disorganization.aspx, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/07/20/how, http://www.gallup.com/poll/123638/in-u.s.-two-thirds-continue-support-death-penalty.aspx, Community Safety and Crime Reduction An Evaluation, http://www.jrsa.org/ibrrc/background-status/advantages.shtml, http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=brRgAYhyhsoC&pg=PA82&dq=NIBRS+limitations&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0R0MUZePBs7Y4QTogoCQAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=NIBRS%20limitations&f=false, http://www.issafrica.org/crimehub/uploads/Manual_on_Victimization_surveys_2009_web.pdf, http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=-Z_xfTn1hT8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Research+Methods+for+Criminal+Justice+and+Criminology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=McwOUfO7PLCV0QXx0oDIBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3153461.stm, http://www.ascld-lab.org/documents/AL-PD-3041.pdf, http://www.cstl.nist.gov/strbase/QAS/Final-FBI-Director-Forensic-Standards.pdf, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-crime24apr24,1,3582903.story, http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/orgcrime.htm, http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/sutherland.html, http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume2/j2_2_7.htm.