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[406][pageneeded] Hong Kong was a favorite among Filipino launderers. After declaring martial law in 1972, Marcos promised to implement agrarian reforms. [166]:213 The ratification of the constitution was challenged in what came to be known as the Ratification Cases. The GDP went down to $30.7 billion in 1985, after two years of economic recession brought about by political instability following Ninoy's assassination. Imelda Marcos, a former beauty queen famous for her lavish collection of designer goods, was known for travelling the world to buy designer shoes. In practice, this meant parliament was suspended, opposition politicians were arrested and total censorship was imposed. [24][340] The newspaper Bulatlat places the number of victims of arbitrary arrest and detention at 120,000, the extrajudicial execution of activists under martial law at 1,500 and Karapatan (a local human rights group)'s records show 759 involuntarily disappeared with their bodies never found. The daughter, Imee Marcos, 62, and the rest of the Marcos family have been enjoying a revival of sorts under the presidency of President Rodrigo Duterte, a self-professed fan of Ferdinand Marcos . 061204", "Court ruling hinders Marcos victims seeking funds", "CA rejects Marcos victims' claims for $2B damages", "11,103 victims of human rights violations under Martial Law to get compensation", "Marcos victims push for second claims board", "Final list of Marcos victims qualified for funds released", "DEBT,DEPRIVATION AND THE SPOILS OF DICTATORSHIP", "Different legacies: Ferdinand Marcos and Lee Kuan Yew", "15 things Lee Kuan Yew said about the Philippines", "Ninoy networked with everyone, Reds included", "Nuns and Priests Working With Communists Divide Church", "I saw martial law up close and personal", "TORTYUR: Human Rights Violations During The Marcos Regime, published in 'For Democracy & Human Rights, Rekindling Lessons from Martial Law & People Power Revolt', "Look Back: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos", "Why not ask Ramos and Enrile about Martial Law", "It is Ramos who should apologize over Martial Law 'abuses', "Batas militar: A documentary about martial law in the Philippines", "3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 19751985", Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, "A Martial Law victim's story of healing", "Detention and torture by Marcos military", "Atenista who exposed the Marcos torture machine", "To young Filipinos who never knew martial law and dictatorship", "Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed", "44 years too long: The martial-law victims, 'desaparecidos' and the families left behind", "Family secret: How Primitivo Mijares disappeared", "No grave, no justice for martial law victims", "And many disappeared in the prime of youth", "Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) - Dictionary definition of Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary", "Marcos and the First Quarter Storm Part II: Of Pillboxes and Firearms", "Massacres, incidents of violence against farmers", Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 11 28 Nov 1981, "19 Years After 'Bloody Thursday,' Terror Still Stalks Escalante", "Before Martial Law, there was the Tacub Massacre", "VERA FILES FACT SHEET: Palimbang massacre and Marcos' other transgressions against the Bangsamoro", "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Bongbong Marcos falsely claims martial law horrors fabricated", "Martial Law in the eyes of the late strongman Marcos' son", "Enrile's memoir gives me sleepless nights", "Imee says HR abuses during father's rule are just 'political accusations', "Hunt for Marcos's Billions Yields More Dead Ends Than Hard Cash", "End of 30-Year Hunt for Marcos Billions? [449], Its goal was to promote Philippine rice self-sufficiency by raising the Philippines' average palay crop yield from 40 cavans per hectare to 99 cavans (4.4 tons)[450] per hectare. [439] It was established as a result of Ferdinand Marcos's issuance of Executive Order No. [102], During the 1969 campaign, Marcos launched US$50 million worth in infrastructure projects in an effort to curry favor with the electorate. Author Seagrave recounts that: Student protesters at the University of the Philippines commandeered the campus radio station and broadcast a looped tape; soon the entire nation was listening in astonishment to President Marcos begging Dovie Beams to perform oral sex. [301][302], Rogelio Roxas, a Filipino treasure hunter, discovered a 3-foot-tall golden Buddha statue in tunnels under the Baguio General Hospital in 1971. [130] Also included in the list of summary execution victims was 16-year-old Luis Manuel "Boyet" Mijares, who was tortured brutally with his body found with burn marks, all his nails pulled and removed, 33 ice pick wounds around his body, skull bashed in, eyeballs gouged out, and genitals mutilated before being dropped from a helicopter. The claims were filed by victims or their surviving relatives consequent on torture, execution, and disappearances. Due to these dispersals, many students who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for legislative reforms) became convinced that they had no choice but to call for more radical social change. Due to the absence of foreign exchange controls in Hong Kong, it was impossible to determine the origin of the money. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., the dictator's son and evident successor to his father's legacy, ran for vice president in 2016 and finished a close second. [154][155], By the time Marcos gave the first State of the Nation Address of his second term on January 26, 1970, the unrest born from the 19691970 balance of payments crisis exploded into a series of demonstrations, protests, and marches against the government. Generals loyal to Marcos were allowed to stay in their positions past their retirement age, or were rewarded with civilian government posts, leading Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. to accuse Marcos in 1968 of trying to establish "a garrison state". [73], Marcos lived with a common-law wife, Carmen Ortega, an Ilocana mestiza who was 1949 Miss Press Photography. On November 9, 2018, Imelda Marcos was found "guilty beyond reasonable doubt" by the Sandiganbayan of seven counts of graft for the private organizations set up in Switzerland during her active duty as a government official from 1968 to 1986. [282] The protesters who stormed Malacaang Palace would later loot it, many would steal documents, jewelries, food from the pantries, typewriters, and so on. These included hospitals[428] like the Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center, and Kidney Center, transportation infrastructure like San Juanico Bridge (formerly Marcos Bridge), Pan-Philippine Highway, North Luzon Expressway, South Luzon Expressway,[429] and Manila Light Rail Transit (LRT). [266][268][131] A UPI article from March 1986 reported that "Diplomats in Moscow believe the Soviet government totally misjudged Marcos's power to control events. Some of the students participating in the protest harangued Marcos as he and his wife Imelda as they left the Congress building, throwing a coffin, a stuffed alligator, and stones at them.[157]. [31][34], President Corazon Aquino eventually allowed the members of the Marcos family to return to the Philippines after the death of Ferdinand Marcos, supposedly so that they could face various corruption charges. The 21-year period of Philippine economic history during Ferdinand Marcos's regime from his election in 1965 until he was ousted by the People Power Revolution in 1986 was a period of significant economic highs and lows. [184] Plaza Miranda was soon followed by a series of about twenty explosions that took place in various locations in Metro Manila in the months immediately preceding Marcos's proclamation of martial law. [101], Marcos joined the "Liberal Wing" that split from the Nacionalista Party, which eventually became the Liberal Party. Ferdinand was elected president in 1965, and Imelda, with her beauty and poise, soon drew. [230][231] The Sandiganbayan convicted 16 military personnel for the murder, ruling that Constable 1st Class Rogelio Moreno, one of the military escorts assigned to Aquino, "fired the fatal shot" that killed Aquino, not Galman.[232][230]. [106], Marcos's first term also saw the Philippine Senate's expose of the Jabidah massacre in March 1968, where a Muslim man named Jibin Arula testified that he had been the lone survivor of a group of Moro army recruits which had been executed en-masse on Corregidor island on March 18, 1968. On the other hand, the partial 69% tally of the National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), an accredited poll watcher, had Aquino winning with 7,502,601 votes against Marcos's 6,787,556 votes. The following is a list of some of the most controversial projects constructed during the Marcos era. The Marcos family ( UK: / mrks / MAR-koss, US: /- kos, - ks / -kohss, -kawss, [1] [2] Tagalog: [maks]) is a . Carmen Ortega Marcos has four children with her husband Ferdinand Marcos as per ABS CBN. [148], Groups considered "radical" by the media of the time included:[139], When Marcos became president in 1965, Philippine policy and politics functioned under a post-World War II geopolitical framework. A presidential crony representing Westington won for its principal the $500 million bid for the construction of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant in Bagac. [483], Its cost reached over $2.3 million and was only paid off by the government in April 2017, 31 years after the beginning of its construction. He served three terms in Mariano's own former position as the Philippine House of Representatives as the Congressman for the second district of Ilocos Norte, from 1949 to 1959. [138], The MCCCL's rallies are particularly remembered for their diversity, attracting participants from both the moderate and radical camps; and for their scale, with the biggest one attended by as many as 50,000 people. These associates of Marcos then used these as fronts to launder proceeds from institutionalized graft and corruption in the different national governmental agencies as "crony capitalism" for personal benefit. He served as a 3rd lieutenant during the mobilization in the summer and fall of 1941, continuing until April 1942, after which he was taken prisoner. [406][pageneeded] Austria, which also has its own tradition of banking secrecy, allowed accounts to be opened without the client ever revealing his or her name, something Swiss banks did not even allow. Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos held the Guinness World Record for the largest-ever theft from a government for decades,[64] although Guinness took the record down from their website while it underwent periodic review a few weeks before the 2022 election. Her collection of more than 3,000 pairs - found in the presidential palace after the family had fled - came to symbolise the family's extravagance. In 1979, Marcos put a range of 11 heavy industrialization projects[471] on the Philippines' economic agenda. [243], To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders. As cited in, Lieutenant General Larsen, Stanley Robert (1985). [48] To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in Manila between pro- and anti-Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US President Ronald Reagan through Senator Paul Laxalt to "cut and cut cleanly". designed subsidized rediscounting facilities for public and private credit institutions throughout the country, encouraging them to give loans to farmers without collateral or other usual borrowing requirements. On the evening of September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under martial law. During his third term, Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to kidney ailments, as a complication of a chronic autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus. In late January 1939, they were finally denied bail. In August 1953, their engagement was announced in Manila dailies. Based on Article 9 of the 1973 constitution, it had broad executive powers that would be typical of modern prime ministers in other countries. Reagan on October 20, Marcos complained that Giuliani was giving them nothing but an ultimatum to plead guilty, and even to testify against others including his own family. It was created to engage in collating, developing and analyzing credit information on individuals, institutions, business entities and other business concerns. [citation needed], The early years of martial law gained public approval,[190][191][192] as it was believed to have caused crime rates to drop. Recognizes Aquino As President", "List of Marcos' Companions Released With PM-Philippines Bjt", "The End of an EraHandholding Ferdinand Marcos in Exile", "Marcos and Wife Enjoy The High Life in Hawaii", "The $10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions? "[467][468] This was such a severe drop in the Philippines' forest cover that most Philippine logging companies had transferred their operations to Sarawak and other nearby areas by the 1980s. Marcos won a massive victory over the other candidates. "Not to hurt her no reason to hurt her to take her. He was elected the President of the Philippines in 1965 and presided over an economy that grew during the beginning of his 20-year rule[31] but would end in the loss of livelihood, extreme poverty,[32][33] and a crushing debt crisis. 176,[203] preventing any educational institution to be established exclusively for foreigners or offer any curriculum exclusively for foreigners,[204] and restricted the teaching of the Chinese language to not more than 100 minutes a day.[205]. Before that could happen, however, the Marcoses were overtaken by the events of World War II. "[266], The failed election process gave a decisive boost to the "People Power movement". His mother, now 92 and still living in the capital, was a congresswoman and his sister Imee is a senator and former governor. [505][506], Marcos and his wife, Imelda, were jointly credited in 1989 by Guinness World Records with the largest-ever theft from a government (an estimated 5 billion to 10 billion US dollars),[515] a record they still hold today. No. In 1998 however, the Supreme Court acquitted Imelda Marcos of corruption charges from a previous graft conviction in 1993. [213], Prior to the Marcos administration, the Philippine government had maintained a close relationship with the Kuomintang-ruled Republic of China (ROC) government which had fled to the island of Taiwan, despite the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the 1949 Chinese Communist Revolution. He was not the only accused from the Marcos clan. He also said that the information he has on the assassination plans are 'hard' or well-sourced and he has to make sure that it reaches President Marcos. [406][pageneeded], All of these properties and investments are only a fraction of the entire Marcos empire. Garcia. [85], Ferdinand Marcos received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) [478] With the commissioning of the Tongonan 1 and Palinpinon 1 geothermal plants in 1983, the Philippines became the second largest producer of geothermal power in the world. [citation needed], Crocker merely stated that the money came from "various Asian countries". "What I would like to see happen is we take her hostage", Marcos told Chastain. But unlike his forebears, Ferdinand Marcos Sr. rose from regional leader to national prominence, first as the president of the Philippine Senate in 1959, then as national president in 1965. [104][pageneeded], In March 1968 a Muslim man named Jibin Arula was fished out of the waters of Manila Bay, having been shot. 2023 BBC. According to her, "If what is demanded is an admission of guilt, I don't think that's possible. This created a furor within the Muslim community in the Philippines, especially among the educated youth,[120][pageneeded] and among Muslim intellectuals, who had no discernible interest in politics prior to the incident. Its fuel costs started to double, triple, and quadruple but the government refused to allow them to charge higher consumer rates. Therefore, Marcos worked to identify himself closely with the US in order to secure a strong bargaining position with their government. [369], On the stories of human rights abuses, Bongbong Marcos describes them as "self-serving statements by politicians, self-aggrandizement narratives, pompous declarations, and political posturing and propaganda. Presidential elections were held on November 11, 1969, and Marcos was reelected for a second term. [87], The Supreme Court overturned the lower court's decision on October 22, 1940, acquitting the Marcos family of all charges except contempt. [227], On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. was assassinated on the tarmac at Manila International Airport. His parents, Josefa Edralin and Mariano Marcos, were both teachers from important families. [21]:225 Historians note that Ferdinand Marcos's president's wife Imelda Marcos reacted to the humiliation by aggressively pursuing government positions. The Marcos regime officially attributed the explosions to communist "urban guerillas",[185] and Marcos included them in the list of "inciting events" that served as rationalizations for his declaration of martial law. The family fled to Hawaii in 1986 after her husband was ousted as millions of people took to the streets in the largely peaceful "People Power" uprising to force a return to democracy. [29], Documents uncovered by The Washington Post in 1986 suggested Marcos's release in August 1942 was effected because his father, former congressman and provincial governor Mariano Marcos, had "cooperated with the Japanese military authorities" as publicist. Public interest in the case, however, led to the Supreme Court of the Philippines eventually overthrowing the conviction, with Associate Justice Jos P. Laurel arguing that it would have been a waste for someone with Ferdinand's legal talents to merely rot in a prison cell. The result, which comes 50 years after his father declared martial law, would seal a Marcos comeback from Hawaiian exile to presidential palace. [13] The prominence of the Marcos family in Philippine politics has been stopped twice. The League of Filipino Students described the transfer of Marcos's remains as being done like "a thief in the night". However, at the same time, for the US the Philippines was just one of its many allies, and for the Philippines, the US was its only patron. The Prime Minister also acted as head of the National Economic Development Authority. They are usually covered with high walls. [491], The governorship of Metro Manila was the second most powerful office in the republic. First published on Mon 9 May 2022 12.38 EDT Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr, the son and namesake of the late dictator, has won a landslide presidential election victory, signalling an. Other delegates would become influential political figures, including Hilario Davide Jr., Marcelo Fernan, Sotero Laurel, Aquilino Pimentel Jr., Teofisto Guingona Jr., Raul Roco, Edgardo Angara, Richard Gordon, Margarito Teves, and Federico Dela Plana. It includes the CCP main building, Folk Arts Theater, Philippine International Convention Center, Manila Film Center and Coconut Palace (also called the Tahanang Pilipino). [407][pageneeded] Other nominees who were noted as having been crucial in considerable overseas transactions were Ricardo Silverio, Herminio Disini, Nemesio Yabi, and Edna Camam. [216][217], The Washington Post, in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party officials, revealed that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling "guests" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines". However, the people of Manila are aware that behind the floating casino management was the brother of Imelda Marcos. After he served as member of the House of Representatives for three terms, Marcos won his senate seat in the elections in 1959 and became the Senate minority floor leader in 1960. [406][pageneeded] Hong Kong, more conveniently located for the Philippines, has developed facilities for the movement of money and the ready availability of various British lawyers who offer services of opening front or shell corporations for a fee. Although on a different subject matter, this judgement awarded $353.6 million to human rights victims, which was arguably the largest contempt award ever affirmed by an appellate court. [318] A bill filed in Congress in 2020 proposes to compensate tens of thousands of people who are still not officially recognized as victims of state-sponsored violence during the Marcos regime. Johnson received two engineer battalions bought with the Philippine's American aid as a form of Philippines military participation in the Vietnam War. After martial law was imposed, it became the prime target for takeover by the Marcos-Romualdez family. Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years', "Transcript of ABS-CBN Interview with Pablo Martinez, co-accused in the Aquino murder case", "Marcos Underwent Kidney Transplants, Doctors Say", "Autocrat With a Regal Manner, Marcos Ruled for 2 Decades", "Martial law: costly lessons in economic development", "NTG: 'Subversive Lives,' libro tungkol sa pinagdaanan ng Pamilya Quimpo noong Martial Law", "The Marcos legacy of fraudulent and illegitimate debts", "Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society", "History of the Philippine Sugar Industry", "The Roots of the Philippines' Economic Troubles", Structural Adjustment and Poverty Alleviation in the Philippines, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, "Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Domestic Credit Rating Agencies", "RP's biggest credit research firms form alliance", "Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila", "Marcos Blasts U.S. Reports He Was a Phony War Hero: American Records Fail to Back Him", "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 1987", "Collapes of Marcos regime ends Soviet courtship", "IN SOVIET, A SHIFT TO INCREASING SUPPORT FOR MARCOS", "Gringo plotted to kill Marcos Almonte", "Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986", "Marcos Flees and is Taken to Guam; U.S. [298], From 1993 to 2016, his remains were interred inside a refrigerated crypt in Ilocos Norte, where his son, Ferdinand Jr., and eldest daughter, Imee, have since become the local governor and congressional representative, respectively. [83] He graduated cum laude. Imelda was acquitted not because she did not commit any crime but because the United States jury deemed that the charges and trial did not belong in a US court. The Civilian Home Defense Force, a precursor of Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU), was organized by President Marcos to battle with the communist and Islamic insurgency problem, has particularly been accused of notoriously inflicting human right violations on leftists, the NPA, Muslim insurgents, and rebels against the Marcos government. [434] Its goal of generating 620 MW of electricity was never achieved. [125], With his popularity already beefed up by debt-funded spending, Marcos's popularity made it very likely that he would win the election, but he decided, as National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin reported in the Philippines Free Press, to "leave nothing to chance. Marcos is married to the lawyer Louise Araneta-Marcos, known as Liza, with whom he has three sons. Marcos had thought of being flown to his hometown in Ilocos Norte, greeted by his loyal supporters, and initiating a plot to kidnap Corazon Aquino. [218]:168 Marcos did not release Aquino, but announced that the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election would be held in 1978. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., the second child of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, is the presumptive winner of the Philippine presidential election, with U.S. President Joe Biden calling to. He had returned to the Philippines after three years in exile in the United States, where he had a heart bypass operation to save his life after Marcos allowed him to leave the Philippines to seek medical care. [146], Marcos's declaration of martial law became known to the public on September 23, 1972, when his press secretary, Francisco Tatad, announced through the radio[186][39][40] that Proclamation 1081, which Marcos had supposedly signed two days earlier on September 21, had come into force and would extend Marcos's rule beyond the constitutional two-term limit. Of all the accused, only Ferdinand Marcos had access to the U.P. [143] Oppositionists were arrested after being accused of being "radicals". Her second given name was taken after her grandmother, Ferdinand's mother, Josefa Edralin. [415] The commission is seeking to regain five buildings in New York worth an estimated $350 million that it asserts are secretly owned by the Marcoses. The final tally of the COMELEC had Marcos winning with 10,807,197 votes against Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. [102], This began a pattern of loan-funded spending which the Marcos administration would continue until the Marcoses were deposed in 1986, resulting in economic instability still being felt today, and of debts that experts say the Philippines will have to keep paying well into 2025. (Wikimedia Commons: Marvin D. Lynchard, USAF)During the reign of her late husband . [72] He subsequently converted to Catholicism to marry Imelda Trinidad Romualdez. [402], On September 3, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte said the family of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos was "ready to return" their stolen wealth to the government, possibly through a settlement. [27], Only his brother Pacifico Marcos remains alive. A floating casino was allowed to operate exclusively inside the Manila Bay. [421][additional citation(s) needed] The Aquino government also accused them of skimming off foreign aid and international assistance. [320] A total of 11,103 victims of human rights violations under Martial Law received compensation in 2018. Prior to his heart surgery, Ninoy, along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, were sentenced to death by a military commission on charges of murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion.[194]. [39], While Marcos had won the November 1969 election by a landslide, and was inaugurated on December 30 of that year, Marcos's massive spending during the 1969 presidential campaign had taken its toll and triggered growing public unrest. Some of the civilian massacres include the following: The Marcos regime had started to kill hundreds of Moros even before the imposition of martial law in 1972. In his next letter to Pres. [212], In a 1979 US Senate report, it was stated that US officials were aware, as early as 1973, that Philippine government agents were in the United States to harass Filipino dissidents. 1107 dated February 16, 1981, and was further strengthened by PD No. The land included Tarrant County, Dallas as well as in San Antonio and Corpus Christi. The elections were contested by several parties including Ninoy Aquino's newly formed party, the Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN) and the regime's party known as the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL). The CCP Complex is a 77-hectare[438] reclaimed property in Pasay designed by Leandro Locsin. To understand the family's remarkable political comeback - it's important to consider their earlier rise and fall. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 05:43. It was here that the Marcos-Romualdez clan stepped in. Because of this, Imelda Romualdez Marcos loaned $7 million from the National Investment Development Corporation to finance the remaining amount. [107][108] The allegations in the expose became a major flashpoint which ignited the Moro insurgency in the Philippines. [26] Fortuna Barba was the last surviving sister of Ferdinand Marcos until her death in March 2018. [88] According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger. This failed, however, and subsequently Marcos asked Hirschfeld to arrange a $10-million loan from Fassi. [121], This eventually led to the formation of the Mindanao Independence Movement in 1968, the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO) in 1969, and the consolidation of these various forces into the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in October 1972. [441] The inauguration was originally set in January 1969, but was postponed because funds were running out from campaign overspending. [407][pageneeded] Dewey Dee, one of Marcos's main nominees, as well as Jose Yao Campos would later reveal how they fronted Marcos's investments both locally and abroad via at least 25 interlocking corporations set up for this purpose. [407][pageneeded], The Sandiganbayan 5th Division has recently convicted Imelda Marcos of seven counts of graft for creating and maintaining private foundations in Switzerland, violating the anti-graft law that prohibits public officials from having pecuniary interests in private businesses. For over a week the President's hoarse injunctions boomed out over university loudspeakers. [137][138], The media reports of the time classified the various civil society groups opposing Marcos into two categories. In addition, she was elected as Assemblyman for Region IV-A to the Batasan Pambansa from 1978 to 1984.[22]. [109][110] According to Primitivo Mijares, author of the book The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos, the opposition Liberal Party would later confirm that many of his war medals were only acquired in 1962 to aid in his reelection campaign for the Senate, not for his presidential campaign. [148], Reports of the US Senate and the US Securities and Exchange Commission have described massive million-dollar bribes to officials of the government-backed Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company by the General Telephone and Electric Co. of New York in exchange for supply contracts.